Turbidity

Ụkpụrụ mgbagwoju anya nke 5, 50, na 500 NTU

Turbidity bụ igwe ojii ma ọ bụ ụfụfụ nke mmiri nke ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya na anya. Nlele nke turbidity bụ ule dị mkpa nke Mmiri doro anya na ogo mmiri.

Mmiri nwere ike ịnwe ihe siri ike a kpọchiri akpọchi nke nwere obere nha dị iche iche. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ihe a kpọchiri akpọchi ga-ebu ibu ma dị arọ nke na ha ga-adaba ngwa ngwa n'ala akpa ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na a hapụ ihe nlele mmiri ka ọ kwụsie ike (ihe siri ike a na-edozi), obere obere ihe ndị ahụ ga-adaba naanị nwayọ ma ọ bụ na ha agaghị ada ma ọlị ma ọ bụrụ na ihe nlele ahụ na-akpali mgbe niile ma ọ bụ na obere ihe ndị ahụ na-agbakọta. Obere obere ihe siri ike ndị a na-eme ka mmiri ahụ yie ihe gbara ọchịchịrị.

A na-etinyekwa turbidity (ma ọ bụ haze) na ihe siri ike dị ka ugegbe ma ọ bụ plastik. Na mmepụta plastik, a na-akọwa ụfụfụ dị ka pasentị nke ìhè nke a tụgharịrị karịa 2.5 ° site na ntụziaka ìhè na-abata.

Ihe kpatara ya na mmetụta ya

O nwere ike ịbụ na ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị ọcha n'ime mmiri mepere emepe na-akpata ya. Ihe ndị mmadụ na-eme nke na-akpaghasị ala, dịka owuwu ụlọ, igwu ala na ọrụ ugbo, nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị elu na-abanye n'ime mmiri n'oge oké mmiri ozuzo n'ihi mmiri ozuzo. Ebe ndị a na-enwekarị oke mbuze n'akụkụ mmiri yana ebe ndị mepere emepe na-enyekwa nnukwu nsogbu na mmiri ndị dị nso, site na mmetọ mmiri ozuzo site na elu ala dị larịị dịka okporo ụzọ, àkwà mmiri, ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala na ọdụ ụgbọelu. Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ dịka igwu ala, igwu ala, na mgbake kol nwere ike ịkpata oke turbidity site na obere nkume colloidal.

N'ime mmiri ọṅụṅụ, ka ọkwa turbidity dị elu, otú ahụ ka ihe ize ndụ nke ndị mmadụ nwere ike ibute ọrịa afọ na-arị elu. ^[1] Nke a na-enye nsogbu karịsịa maka ndị nwere nsogbu ahụ ike, n'ihi na ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ dị ka nje ma ọ bụ nje bacteria nwere ike ịbanye na ihe ndị a kwụgidere. Ihe ndị a kwụgidere na-egbochi ọgwụ chlorine.^[2] N'otu aka ahụ, ihe siri ike nwere ike ichebe nje bacteria site na ultraviolet (UV) sterilization nke mmiri.

N'ime mmiri dị ka ọdọ mmiri, osimiri na ọdọ mmiri, ọkwa dị elu nke turbidity nwere ike ibelata ọkụ ọkụ na-erute omimi dị ala, nke nwere ike igbochi uto nke osisi mmiri na-emikpu ma si otú a na-emetụta ụdị ndị na-adabere na ha, dị ka azụ na azụ azụ. Ọkwa turbidity dị elu nwekwara ike imetụta ikike azụ azụ iji nweta oxygen gbazere. A na-ahụta ihe a mgbe niile na Chesapeake Bay na ọwụwa anyanwụ United States.^[3]^[4]

Maka ọtụtụ mpaghara mangrove, a chọrọ nnukwu turbidity iji kwado ụdị ụfọdụ, dị ka ichekwa azụ ndị na-eto eto n'aka ndị na-eri anụ. Maka ọtụtụ osisi mangrove dị n'akụkụ oke osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Australia, ọkachasị Moreton Bay, ọkwa turbidity ruru 600 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) chọrọ maka ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị. ^{[citation needed]}

Ịtụle

Ịtụle nke mmiri na-ezochi bụ ihe dị mkpa iji chọpụta ma mmiri doro anya ma mmiri dị mma. ^{[ Ntụaka dị mkpa ]} E nwere nkeji ọkọlọtọ abụọ maka ịkọ akụkọ turbidity: Formazin Nephelometric Units (FNU) sitere na ISO 7027 na Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) site na Usoro USEPA 180.1. A na-ejikarị ISO 7027 na FNU eme ihe na Europe, ebe a na-ejikarị NTU eme ihe na US ISO 7027 na-enye usoro na ịdị mma mmiri maka ikpebi turbidity. A na-eji ya ekpebi mkpokọta nke ihe ndị a kwụchiri na ihe nlele mmiri site na ịtụ ìhè merenụ gbasaara n'akụkụ aka nri site na ihe nlele ahụ. A na-ejide ìhè gbasaara site na photodiode, nke na-emepụta akara eletrọnịkị nke a gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ turbidity. Emepụtala ngwaike mepere emepe site na usoro ISO 7027 iji tụọ turbidity nke ọma site na iji microcontroller Arduino na LED dị ọnụ ala. ^[5]

Enwere ụzọ dị iche iche a ga-esi enyocha ogo mmiri, nke kacha zie ezie bụ ụfọdụ nbibi (ya bụ, mbelata ike) nke ìhè ka ọ na-agafe na kọlụm mmiri.^[6] Usoro Jackson Candle ọzọ ejiri mee ihe (nkeji: Jackson Turbidity Unit ma ọ bụ JTU) bụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche nke ogologo kọlụm mmiri dị mkpa iji kpuchie ọkụ kandụl na-elele ya kpamkpam. Ka mmiri dị mkpa (ka kọlụm mmiri na-adị ogologo), otú ahụ ka mmiri na-adịwanye mma. N'ezie mmiri naanị na-emepụta ụfọdụ attenuation, na ihe ọ bụla ihe etisasịwo na mmiri na-emepụta agba nwere ike ibelata ụfọdụ wavelengths. Ngwá ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ anaghị eji kandụl eme ihe, ma ekwesịrị ịhazi usoro a nke ịbelata ọkụ ọkụ site na kọlụm mmiri na JTUs.

A na-ewere ọchịchọ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na-agbasa ọkụ na-elekwasị anya na ha ugbu a dị ka ihe dị mkpa nke turbidity na mmiri. Turbidity a tụrụ n'ụzọ a na-eji ngwá ọrụ a na-akpọ nephelometer na ihe nchọpụta a na-etinye n'akụkụ ọkụ ahụ. Ìhè ka ukwuu na-eru ihe nchọpụta ma ọ bụrụ na e nwere ọtụtụ obere ihe na-agbasa isi iyi karịa ma ọ bụrụhaala na e nwere ole na ole. Otu nke turbidity site na calibrated nephelometer nwere ike ịbụ ma ọ bụ NTU ma ọ bụ FTU, dabere na usoro ọkọlọtọ eji. Ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, ìhè ole na-egosipụta maka ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-enye na-adabere na njirimara nke ụmụ irighiri ihe dịka ọdịdị ha, ụcha, na ntụgharị ha. N'ihi nke a (na ihe mere na ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị dị arọ na-ada ngwa ngwa ma ghara inye aka n'ịgụ ihe mgbagwoju anya), njikọ dị n'etiti ihe mgbagha na ihe mgbaghịa zuru oke (TSS) bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe maka ebe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ọ bụla.^[6]

Enwere ike tụọ ọgba aghara na ọdọ mmiri, ọdọ mmiri, ọwa na oke osimiri site na iji diski Secchi. A na-agbada diski ojii na nke ọcha n'ime mmiri ruo mgbe a naghị ahụ ya ọzọ; A na-edezi omimi ( omimi nke Secchi ) dị ka ihe nlele nke nghọta nke mmiri (nke metụtara turbidity). Diski Secchi nwere uru nke ijikọ turbidity n'elu omimi (ebe akwa turbidity na-agbanwe agbanwe dị), ịdị ngwa ma dị mfe iji, yana ọnụ ala. Ọ nwere ike inye ihe ngosi siri ike nke omimi nke mpaghara euphotic na nkewa 3 nke omimi Secchi, Otú ọ dị, a pụghị iji nke a mee ihe na mmiri na-emighị emi ebe diski nwere ike ịhụ na ala.

A na-ejikwa kamera na Ọhụụ kọmputa tụọ ụfụfụ.^[7] Nnyocha dị otú ahụ nwere ike iji mmụta igwe chọpụta nsogbu na nsị.^[8]

Ngwaọrụ ọzọ, nke nwere ike inye aka tụọ turbidity na mmiri na-adịghị omimi bụ tubue turbidity. Tube turbidity na-ejikọta mmiri n'ime tube dị iche iche nke na-enye ohere ikpebi turbidity dabere na diski dị iche na ala ya, na-adabere na diski Secchi.

A na-eji turbidity na ikuku, nke na-akpata mbe_L anyanwụ, dị ka ihe atụ nke mmetọ. Iji mepụta mbelata nke irradiance, ewebatala ọtụtụ usoro mgbagwoju anya, gụnyere Linke turbidity factor (TL).^[9]

Ụkpụrụ na usoro nnwale

A na-eji Turbidimeters na mmiri na-asachapụ mmiri iji tụọ turbidity (na NTU) nke mmiri raw na mmiri doro anya mgbe nzacha.

Ụkpụrụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ

Gọọmenti ewepụtala ụkpụrụ maka nhụsianya a na-anabata na mmiri ọñụñụ. Na United States, usoro mmiri ọha na eze nke na-eji usoro nzacha ma ọ bụ nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mma agaghị enwe mgbagwoju anya karịa 1.0 NTU na ebe a na-emepụta ihe ọkụkụ na ihe nlele niile maka turbidity ga-erughị ma ọ bụ hà nhata 0.3 NTU ma ọ dịkarịa ala 95 pasent nke ihe nlele n'ọnwa ọ bụla. Sistemu ndị na-eji nzacha na-abụghị nke a na-ahụkarị ma ọ bụ nzacha ozugbo ga-agbaso oke steeti, nke ga-agụnye turbidity n'oge ọ bụla gafere 5 NTU. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ na-agba mbọ nweta ọkwa dị ala dị ka 0.1 NTU.^[10] Ụkpụrụ mgbagwoju anya nke Europe bụ 4 NTU.^[11]

Ụkpụrụ mmiri gburugburu ebe obibi

United States

Ụlọ ọrụ US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ebipụtala ụkpụrụ mmiri maka turbidity. Ihe njirisi ndị a bụ nyocha sayensị nke mmetụta turbidity, nke steeti na-eji emepụta ụkpụrụ ịdị mma mmiri maka akụkụ mmiri. (State nwere ike bipụta njirisi nke ha.) Steeti ụfọdụ ewepụtala ụkpụrụ ịdị mma mmiri maka ọgba aghara, gụnyere

↑ Mann (2007-09-21). "The association between drinking water turbidity and gastrointestinal illness: a systematic review". BMC Public Health 7 (256). DOI:10.1186/1471-2458-7-256. PMID 17888154.
↑ LeChevallier (July 1981). "Effect of turbidity on chlorination efficiency and bacterial persistence in drinking water". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 42 (1): 159–167. DOI:10.1128/aem.42.1.159-167.1981. PMID 7259162.
↑ Stevenson (1979). Decline of Submerged Plants in Chesapeake Bay. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from the original on 2019-04-28.
↑ Sediments. Chesapeake Bay Program (2009-08-06). Archived from the original on 2011-09-27.
↑ Wijnen (2014-05-09). "Open-source mobile water quality testing platform". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 4 (3): 532–537. DOI:10.2166/washdev.2014.137.
1 2 Measuring Turbidity, TSS, and Water Clarity. Fondriest Environmental, Inc.. Retrieved on 1 February 2021.
↑ Antonini (2024-08-16). "A novel camera-based sensor for real-time wastewater quality monitoring". Water Practice and Technology 19 (9): 3778–3793. DOI:10.2166/wpt.2024.211. ISSN 1751-231X.
↑ Ji (2020-06-22). "Measurement of Wastewater Discharge in Sewer Pipes Using Image Analysis" (in en). Water 12 (6): 1771. DOI:10.3390/w12061771. ISSN 2073-4441.
↑ Kasten (March 1996). "The linke turbidity factor based on improved values of the integral Rayleigh optical thickness". Solar Energy 56 (3): 239–244. DOI:10.1016/0038-092X(95)00114-7. .
↑ National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. EPA (2022-01-26).
↑ What are the drinking water standards?. Drinking Water Inspectorate (UK) (June 2017). Archived from the original on 2020-11-11.

[1] Mann (2007-09-21). "The association between drinking water turbidity and gastrointestinal illness: a systematic review". BMC Public Health 7 (256). DOI:10.1186/1471-2458-7-256. PMID 17888154.

[2] LeChevallier (July 1981). "Effect of turbidity on chlorination efficiency and bacterial persistence in drinking water". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 42 (1): 159–167. DOI:10.1128/aem.42.1.159-167.1981. PMID 7259162.

[3] Stevenson (1979). Decline of Submerged Plants in Chesapeake Bay. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from the original on 2019-04-28.

[4] Sediments. Chesapeake Bay Program (2009-08-06). Archived from the original on 2011-09-27.

[5] Wijnen (2014-05-09). "Open-source mobile water quality testing platform". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 4 (3): 532–537. DOI:10.2166/washdev.2014.137.

[fondriest-6] 1 2 Measuring Turbidity, TSS, and Water Clarity. Fondriest Environmental, Inc.. Retrieved on 1 February 2021.

[7] Antonini (2024-08-16). "A novel camera-based sensor for real-time wastewater quality monitoring". Water Practice and Technology 19 (9): 3778–3793. DOI:10.2166/wpt.2024.211. ISSN 1751-231X.

[8] Ji (2020-06-22). "Measurement of Wastewater Discharge in Sewer Pipes Using Image Analysis" (in en). Water 12 (6): 1771. DOI:10.3390/w12061771. ISSN 2073-4441.

[9] Kasten (March 1996). "The linke turbidity factor based on improved values of the integral Rayleigh optical thickness". Solar Energy 56 (3): 239–244. DOI:10.1016/0038-092X(95)00114-7. .

[10] National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. EPA (2022-01-26).

[11] What are the drinking water standards?. Drinking Water Inspectorate (UK) (June 2017). Archived from the original on 2020-11-11.

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