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夫管仲之匡天下也，其施七尺。 |
| | When Guan Zhong assisted in governing the world, his influence extended seven chi.
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瀆田悉徙，五種無不宜，其立后而手實。其木宜蚖菕與杜松，其草宜楚棘，見是土也，命之曰五施，五七三十五尺，而至於泉，呼音中角，其水倉，其民彊。 |
| | The fields were all relocated; the five types of crops were equally suitable for planting, and their harvests became abundant after establishing the queen (i.e., a proper system or leadership). The trees were suitable for growing huangzhen and dou song, while the grasses were suitable for chujie. Seeing this land, it was named "Wushi." Five times seven is thirty-five chi, reaching down to the spring. The sound of its water resonated with the jiao tone in pitch; its waters were abundant, and its people strong.
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赤壚，歷彊肥，五種無不宜，其麻白，其布黃，其草宜白茅與雚，其木宜赤棠，見是土也，命之曰四施，四七二十八尺，而至於泉，呼音中商，其水白而甘，其民壽。 |
| | Chilu, the soil was rich and fertile; all five types of crops thrived equally. Its hemp was white, its cloth yellow. The grasses were suitable for growing baimao and guan, while the trees were suitable for chi tang. Seeing this land, it was called "Sishi." Four times seven is twenty-eight chi, reaching down to the spring; the sound of its water corresponded with the shang tone in pitch. Its waters were white and sweet, and its people long-lived.
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黃唐，無宜也，唯宜黍秫也，宜縣澤，行廧落，地潤數毀，難以立邑置廧，其草宜黍秫與茅，其木宜櫄、𢺕、桑。見是土也，命之曰三施，三七二十一尺，而至於泉。呼音中宮，其泉黃而糗，流徙。 |
| | Huangtang was unsuitable for most crops, suitable only for shu shu. It was appropriate for building reservoirs and constructing walls, but the land was moist and frequently damaged, making it difficult to establish settlements or build structures. The grasses were suited for growing shu shu and mao, while the trees were suited for zhen, yu, and sang. Seeing this land, it was given the name "Sanshi." Three times seven is twenty-one chi, reaching down to the spring. The sound of its water resonated in the gong tone; its spring was yellow and coarse, with flowing waters that shifted frequently.
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斥埴，宜大菽與麥。其草宜萯雚，其木宜杞。見是土也，命之曰再施，二七十四尺，而至於泉，呼音中羽。其泉鹹，水流徙。 |
| | Chizhi was suitable for growing large beans and wheat. The grasses were suitable for feng guan, while the trees thrived with qi. Seeing this land, it was named "Zaishi." Two times seven is fourteen chi, reaching down to the spring, and its sound resonated with the yu tone. Its spring water was salty, and the stream shifted frequently.
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黑埴，宜稻麥。其草宜苹蓨，其木宜白棠，見是土也，命之曰一施，七尺而至於泉，呼音中徵，其水黑而苦。 |
| | Heizhi was suitable for cultivating rice and wheat. The grasses were suitable for ping tiao, and the trees thrived with bai tang. Seeing this land, it received the name "Yishi." Seven chi deep reached the spring; its sound resonated in the zhi tone. Its water was black and bitter.
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凡聽徵如負豬豕，覺而駭。凡聽羽如鳴馬在野，凡聽宮如牛鳴窌中，凡聽商如離群羊，凡聽角如雉登木以鳴，音疾以清。凡將起五音，凡首，先主一而三之。四開以合九九，以是生黃鐘小素之首以成宮，三分而益之以一，為百有八，為徵，不無有三分而去其乘，適足，以是生商，有三分而復於其所，以是成羽，有三分去其乘，適足，以是成角。 |
| | Generally, hearing the zhi tone is like carrying a pig or boar—it startles one upon becoming aware of it. Hearing the yu tone is like hearing a horse neighing in the wild; hearing the gong tone is like a cow bellowing from within a well; hearing the shang tone is like sheep separated from their flock; and hearing the jiao tone is like a pheasant climbing onto a tree to call out. The sounds are sharp and clear. Whenever one wishes to initiate the five tones, first establish the fundamental tone and then multiply it by three. Multiply it four times to reach the product of nine nines, from which is derived the beginning of Huangzhong Xiao Su, forming the gong tone. Divide this by three and add one-third more, resulting in 108, which forms the zhi tone. Take away a third without adding anything, just enough, thus generating the shang tone. Add another third and return to its original measure, thereby completing the yu tone; subtract a third again, just sufficient, forming the jiao tone.
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墳延者六施，六七四十二尺，而至於泉，陝之芳七施，七七四十九尺，而至於泉，祀陝八施，七八五十六尺，而至於泉，杜陵九施，七九六十三尺，而至於泉。延陵十施，七十尺，而至於泉。環陵十一施，七十七尺，而至於泉。蔓山十二施，八十四尺，而至於泉，付山十三施，九十一尺，而至於泉。付山白徒十四施，九十八尺，而至於泉，中陵十五施，百五尺，而至於泉。青山十六施，百一十二尺，而至於泉。青龍之所居，庚泥，不可得泉。赤壤𠢕山十七施，百一十九尺，而至於泉。其下清商，不可得泉。𨹫山白壤十八施，百二十六尺，而至於泉。其下駢石，不可得泉，徙山十九施，百三十三尺，而至於泉。其下有灰壤，不可得泉。高陵土山二十施，百四十尺，而至於泉。 |
| | Fenyan had six shi; six times seven is forty-two chi, reaching the spring. Xianzhi Fang had seven shi; seven times seven is forty-nine chi, reaching the spring. Si Xian had eight shi; eight times seven is fifty-six chi, reaching the spring. Dulung had nine shi; nine times seven is sixty-three chi, reaching the spring. Yanling had ten shi; ten times seven is seventy chi, reaching down to the spring. The text describes a system of measuring land or water depth in relation to musical tones and agricultural suitability. Each location (e.g., Fenyan, Xianzhi Fang) is associated with a number of "shi" (施), which are multiplied by seven to determine how deep one must dig to reach the spring. This reflects an ancient Chinese integration of music theory, mathematics, and geography in understanding natural resources and land quality. Huanling had eleven shi; eleven times seven is seventy-seven chi, reaching down to the spring. This continues the pattern of assigning a number of "shi" (施) to each location and calculating depth by multiplying that number by seven. It reflects an ancient system linking land characteristics with mathematical and musical principles. Manshan had twelve shi; twelve times seven is eighty-four chi, reaching down to the spring. Fushan had thirteen shi; thirteen times seven is ninety-one chi, reaching down to the springs. Fushan Bai Tu had fourteen shi; fourteen times seven is ninety-eight chi, reaching down to the water. Zhongling had fifteen shi; fifteen times seven is one hundred and five chi, reaching down to the spring. This passage continues a systematic description of locations with their respective "shi" (施) values. Each location's depth to reach the spring is calculated by multiplying its number of "shi" by seven, reflecting an ancient method of correlating land features with numerical and possibly musical principles. Qingshan had sixteen shi; sixteen times seven is 112 chi, reaching down to the spring. This continues a pattern of assigning "shi" (施) values to locations and calculating depth as multiples of seven. The system reflects an ancient integration of geography with numerical principles, possibly linked to music theory or land classification systems in traditional Chinese thought. Qinglong was the place where the Azure Dragon resided; it had geng ni (a type of soil), and no spring could be found there. This sentence describes a location associated with mythological or symbolic significance, indicating that its soil composition made it impossible to find water. Chirang Yushan had seventeen shi; seventeen times seven is 119 chi, reaching down to the spring. This continues a numerical system for describing land features and water depth. The pattern reflects an ancient method of classifying locations based on their "shi" (施) values multiplied by seven to determine the depth at which water could be found. Beneath it was qingshang, and no spring could be obtained there. This sentence indicates that in a lower area associated with "qingshang," water sources were absent or inaccessible. The term may refer to a specific location, soil type, or symbolic designation within the system being described. Lushan Baiyang had eighteen shi; eighteen times seven is 126 chi, reaching down to the spring. This continues a structured description of locations and their respective depths to reach water. The system uses "shi" (施) as a unit for calculation, multiplied by seven to determine depth in chi. Beneath it were pilings of stone, and no spring could be found. Xishan had nineteen shi; nineteen times seven is 133 chi, reaching down to the spring. This passage describes a location where water was inaccessible due to rocky terrain before continuing with another site's depth calculation. Beneath it there was gray soil, and no spring could be drawn. This sentence continues the description of land features where water sources are absent due to specific soil conditions. Gaoling Tushan had twenty shi; twenty times seven is 140 chi, reaching down to the spring. This continues a systematic method of describing locations by assigning "shi" (施) values and calculating depth as multiples of seven to determine where water could be found.
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山之上命之曰縣泉，其地不乾，其草如茅與走，其木乃樠。鑿之二尺，乃至於泉。山之上命曰復呂，其草魚腸與蕕，其木乃柳。鑿之三尺，而至於泉。山之上命之曰泉英，其草蘄白昌，其木乃楊，鑿之五尺，而至於泉。山之材，其草兢與薔，其木乃格，鑿之二七十四尺，而至於泉。山之側，其草葍與蔞，其木乃品榆，鑿之三七二十一尺，而至於泉。 |
| | The area above the mountain was named Xuanquan; its land did not dry out, its grasses resembled mao and zou, and its trees were limei. This sentence describes a specific location with characteristics of fertile or moist soil, suitable vegetation, and tree types. The name "Xuanquan" likely refers to a spring or water source in the area. Digging two chi downward reached the spring. This sentence indicates that at this location, only a shallow excavation of two chi was needed to access groundwater. The area above the mountain is named Fulu; its grasses are yichang and yuan, and its trees are willows. This sentence continues describing a specific location with assigned names for vegetation types. Digging three chi downward reached the spring. This indicates that at this particular site, water could be accessed by digging to a depth of three chi. The area above the mountain was given the name Quanying; its grasses were qibai chang, and its trees were poplars. Digging five chi downward reached the spring. This sentence continues a pattern of describing land features with specific names for vegetation and water access depths. The materials on the mountain had grasses of jing and qiang, and its trees were ge. Digging fourteen chi (two times seven) downward reached the spring. This sentence continues a structured description linking vegetation types with calculated depths to access water sources. On the side of the mountain, the grasses were fu and lou, and its trees were pin yu. Digging twenty-one chi (three times seven) downward reached the spring. This sentence continues a methodical description of land features, vegetation types, and calculated depths for accessing water sources.
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凡草土之道，各有穀造。或高或下，各有草土。葉下於𩏴，𩏴下於莧，莧下於蒲，蒲下於葦，葦下於雚，雚下於蔞，蔞下於荓，荓下於蕭，蕭下於薜，薜下於萑，萑下於茅，凡彼草物，有十二衰，各有所歸。 |
| | The ways of grassy and earthen lands each have their own natural formations. This sentence summarizes a principle that different land types possess unique characteristics or structures, likely referring to agricultural suitability, water access, or ecological patterns. Some are high and some are low; each has its own type of grassy or earthen land. This sentence emphasizes the diversity of terrain and corresponding vegetation types across different locations. The leaves fall below the hu, which falls below the xian, which in turn falls below pu, then wei, then guan, then lou, then ping, then xiao, then bi, then huan, and finally mao. All those grasses have twelve levels of decline, each returning to its proper place. This passage describes a hierarchical classification or ecological succession among various types of grasses, indicating an ancient understanding of plant life cycles and their natural order.
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九州之土，為九十物，每州有常，而物有次。 |
| | The soils of the Nine Provinces produce ninety kinds of things; each province has its own constant characteristics, and each kind of thing follows a specific order. This sentence reflects an ancient Chinese system for classifying land types and their associated natural resources or products across different regions.
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群土之長，是唯五粟，五粟之物，或赤、或青、或白、或黑、或黃，五粟五章，五粟之狀，淖而不肕，剛而不觳，不濘車輪，不污手足，其種大重細重，白莖白秀，無不宜也。五粟之土，若在陵在山，在隫在衍，其陰其陽，盡宜。桐柞莫不秀長，其榆其柳，其檿其桑，其柘其櫟，其槐其楊，群木蕃滋數大，條直以長。其澤則多魚，牧則宜牛羊，其地其樊，俱宜竹箭、藻龜、楢檀，五臭生之，薜荔白芷，蘪蕪椒連。五臭所校，寡疾難老，士女皆好，其民工巧，其泉黃白，其人夷姤。五粟之土，乾而不挌，湛而不澤，無高下葆澤以處，是謂粟土。 |
| | The superior soils among the various lands are known as "Wusu." The products of Wusu may be red, green, white, black, or yellow. These five types each have their own characteristics. Their appearance is moist but not soft, firm but not brittle; they do not clog cart wheels nor soil hands and feet. Their seeds are large and heavy, with fine grains, white stems, and white sprouts—none of them are unsuitable for cultivation. This passage describes the ideal qualities of "Wusu" (Five Grains) soils, emphasizing their fertility, physical properties, and suitability for agriculture in ancient Chinese land classification systems. The soil of Wusu is suitable whether it lies on a hill, mountain, slope, or plain; regardless of its position in the shade or in sunlight, it is all equally suitable. This sentence highlights the adaptability and fertility of "Wusu" soils across various terrains and exposures. Tong and zua trees all grow tall and flourish. Its hu, its willow, its yan, its mulberry, its zhe, its luo, its 槐 (huai), its poplar—among these groups of trees, the growth is abundant and frequent; their branches are straight and long. This sentence describes the vigorous and healthy growth of various tree species in a fertile environment. Its marshes abound in fish, and its pastures are suitable for raising cattle and sheep. Its land and enclosures are all appropriate for growing bamboo arrows, watercress, tortoises, shu tan (a type of tree), and five kinds of fragrant plants grow there: bili, baizhi, miwu, jiao lian. This sentence describes the rich biodiversity and agricultural potential of a fertile region. Where these five fragrant plants grow, diseases are rare and aging is difficult; both men and women are attractive. The people are skilled and ingenious. Their spring water is yellow or white, and the people live in harmony. This sentence describes an idealized region where natural resources contribute to health, beauty, skillfulness, and social harmony among its inhabitants. The soil of Wusu remains dry but not cracked, moist but not waterlogged; regardless of elevation or lowland, it retains moisture and is suitable for habitation. This is called "Sutu." This sentence defines the ideal characteristics of "Wusu" (Five Grains) soil, emphasizing its balanced moisture retention and adaptability to different terrains.
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粟土之次曰五沃，五沃之物，或赤、或青、或黃、或白、或黑、五沃五物，各有異則，五沃之狀，剽怷橐土，蟲易全處，怷剽不白，下乃以澤，其種大苗細苗，赨莖黑秀，箭長。五沃之土，若在丘在山，在陵在岡，若在陬陵之陽，其左其右，宜彼群木，桐柞枎櫄，及彼白梓，其梅其杏，其桃其李，其秀生莖起，其棘其棠，其槐其楊，其榆其桑，其杞其枋，群木數大，條直以長，其陰則生之楂蔾，其陽則安樹之五麻，若高若下，不擇疇所，其麻大者如箭如葦，大長以美，其細者如雚如蒸，欲有與各，大者不類，小者則治；揣而藏之，若眾練絲。五臭疇生，蓮與蘪蕪，槁本白芷。其澤則多魚，牧則宜牛羊。其泉白青，其人堅勁，寡有疥騷，終無痟酲。五沃之土，乾而不斥，湛而不澤。無高下葆澤以處，是謂沃土。 |
| | The next level below Sutu is called "Wuwuo." The products of Wuwuo may be red, green, yellow, white, or black. These five types correspond to five kinds of things, each with its own distinct characteristics. In terms of appearance, the soil is loose and soft but not easily eroded; it is suitable for insects to dwell in fully. It is rough on the surface but not white; lower areas are moist. Its seeds produce either large or fine sprouts, red stems and black sprouts, with long bamboo arrows. This passage describes "Wuwuo" soil as a secondary classification beneath "Sutu," detailing its physical properties, suitability for life, and agricultural characteristics in an ancient Chinese land system. The soil of Wuwuo is suitable whether it lies in a hill, on a mountain, on a mound or ridge; even if located on the sunny side of a secluded hill, both its left and right sides are appropriate for various kinds of trees. Suitable trees include tong, zuo, fei, zhen, as well as white zi (a type of tree). Its plum, apricot, peach, and plum trees sprout with stems rising vigorously; its thornbushes,棠 (tang),槐 (huai), poplar, elm, mulberry, qi, and fang all grow in abundance. These trees are numerous and large, their branches straight and long. In shaded areas, they produce zha li (a type of fruit); on sunny slopes, five kinds of hemp can be planted securely. Whether high or low, the land does not require careful selection of fields; its larger hemp grows as tall as arrows or reeds—long and beautiful. The finer varieties resemble guan or zeng. If one desires to cultivate them in various ways, the large ones are distinct from each other, while the small ones must be carefully managed. This passage describes the adaptability and productivity of "Wuwuo" soil for growing a wide variety of trees and crops, emphasizing both its natural fertility and the diversity it supports. Handle them with care and store them as one would handle many strands of fine silk. This sentence uses a metaphor to emphasize the need for careful handling and preservation, likely referring to crops or other valuable resources grown in fertile soil. The five fragrant plants grow on these fields: lotus, miwu (a type of plant), and gao ben bai zhi. This sentence lists specific aromatic or medicinal plants that thrive in the fertile land described. Its marshes abound with fish, and its pastures are well-suited for raising cattle and sheep. This sentence reiterates the agricultural and ecological richness of the described land. Its spring water is white or green; its people are strong and vigorous, rarely afflicted with skin ailments, and ultimately free from illness or intoxication. This sentence describes the health benefits of living in an area with clean water sources. The soil of Wuwuo remains dry without becoming barren, and moist without becoming waterlogged. This sentence describes the balanced moisture retention properties of "Wuwuo" soil. Regardless of elevation or lowland, the land retains its moisture and remains suitable for habitation—this is called "Wo Tu." This sentence defines "Wo Tu" (fertile soil) as adaptable to various terrains while maintaining optimal conditions.
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沃土之次曰五位，五位之物，五色雜英，各有異章。五位之狀，不塥不灰，青怷以菭及，其種大葦無，細葦無，赨莖白秀。五位之土，若在岡在陵，在隫在衍，在丘在山，皆宜竹箭，求黽楢檀，其山之淺，有蘢與斥。群木安逐，條長數大。其桑其松，其杞其茸，種木胥容，榆桃柳楝。群藥安生，薑與桔梗，小辛大蒙。其山之梟，多桔符榆。其山之末，有箭與苑。其山之旁，有彼黃虻，及彼白昌，山蔾葦芒。群藥安聚，以圉民殃。其林其漉，其槐其楝，其柞其穀，群木安逐，鳥獸安施。既有麋麃，又且多鹿，其泉青黑，其人輕直，省事少食。無高下葆澤以處，是謂位士。 |
| | The next level below Wo Tu is called "Wuwei." The products of Wuwei display five colors and varied splendor, each with its own distinctive characteristics. This sentence introduces a classification system for fertile soils based on color diversity and unique features. The appearance of Wuwei soil is neither hard nor gray; it has a green, soft texture and reaches maturity easily. Its seeds grow either large or small reeds without distinction, with red stems and white sprouts. This sentence describes the physical properties and agricultural characteristics of "Wuwei" soil in an ancient land classification system. The soil of Wuwei is suitable whether it lies on ridges, mounds, slopes, plains, hills, or mountains; all are appropriate for growing bamboo arrows and for seeking black frogs, shu tan. In the shallow parts of these mountains, there are long grasses and barren areas. This sentence describes the adaptability of "Wuwei" soil across various terrains and its suitability for specific plant and animal resources. Groups of trees grow steadily, with long branches and numerous large trunks. This sentence emphasizes the healthy and vigorous growth of vegetation in fertile soil conditions. Its mulberry, its pine, its qi, its rong—varieties of trees all thrive together: elm, peach, willow, and lian. This sentence describes the diverse tree species that flourish in a fertile environment. Various medicinal herbs grow abundantly: ginger, kudzu root, xiaoxin, and dameng. This sentence highlights the rich biodiversity of medicinal plants in a fertile region. On its mountain slopes grow many jiefu yu (a type of tree). This sentence specifies particular plant species found on the mountainsides, continuing to describe the ecological richness of the area. At the lower parts of its mountain are bamboo arrows and yuanyuan (a type of vegetation). This sentence describes specific plant resources found at the base or lower slopes of a mountain. On the sides of its mountains grow yellow beng, as well as baichang; also present are shan li, reed, and wheatgrass. This sentence continues to describe a variety of plant species growing in different parts of the mountainous area. Various medicinal herbs gather together, protecting the people from calamity. This sentence emphasizes how the abundance of medicinal plants contributes to public health and well-being in a region. Its forests, its streams; its huai, its lian; its zuo and gu—groups of trees grow steadily. Birds and beasts find suitable habitats. This sentence describes a harmonious ecosystem where diverse plant life supports thriving wildlife. There are both mi biao (a type of deer) and many deer present; its spring water is green or black, and the people there are light-footed and upright, living with few concerns and consuming little food. This sentence describes a region where wildlife thrives alongside a simple and healthy lifestyle for its inhabitants. Regardless of elevation or lowland, this land retains moisture and remains suitable—this is called "Weishi." This sentence defines "Weishi" as a type of fertile soil that maintains optimal conditions across varying terrains.
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位士之次曰五蘟，五蘟之狀，黑土黑菭，青怵以肥，芬然若灰。其種櫑葛，赨莖黃秀恚目，其葉若苑。以蓄殖果木，不若三土以十分之二，是謂蘟土。 |
| | The next level below Weishi is called "Wuxian." The appearance of Wuxian soil is black earth and black mat, dark and fertile, fragrant as if covered in ash. This sentence describes the characteristics of "Wuxian" soil within an ancient Chinese classification system for land types. Its seeds are le ge (a type of plant or seed), with red stems and yellow sprouts that appear angry, its leaves resembling yuanyuan. This sentence describes the appearance of specific plants growing in "Wuxian" soil. For cultivating fruit trees, it is not as fertile as three types of soil by a margin of two-tenths—this is called "Xiantu." This sentence compares the fertility of "Wuxian" soil to other land types in terms of suitability for growing fruit trees.
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蘟土之次曰五壤，五壤之狀，芬然若澤若屯土，其種大水腸，細水腸，赨莖黃秀，以慈忍水旱，無不宜也。蓄殖果木，不若三土以十分之二，是謂壤土。 |
| | The next level below Xiantu is called "Wurang." The appearance of Wurang soil is fragrant, as if moist or like tuntu (a type of fertile earth). Its seeds are either large water intestines or fine water intestives, with red stems and yellow sprouting. It endures both droughts and floods with tolerance, suitable for all purposes. This sentence describes "Wurang" soil within a classification system, emphasizing its adaptability to environmental conditions and agricultural versatility. For cultivating fruit trees, it does not match the fertility of three types of soil by two-tenths—it is called "Rangtu." This sentence continues comparing land types based on their suitability for growing specific crops.
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壤土之次曰五畜，五畜之狀，捍然如米，以葆澤，不離不坼。其種忍蘟，忍葉如雚葉，以長狐茸，黃莖黑莖黑秀，其粟大，無不宜也。蓄殖果木，不如三土以十分之二，凡上土三十物，種十二物。中土曰五怷，五怷之狀，廩焉如壏，潤濕以處，其種大稷細稷，赨莖黃秀，慈忍水旱。細粟如麻，蓄殖果木，不若三土以十分之三。 |
| | The next level below Rangtu is called "Wuchu." The appearance of Wuchu soil is firm like rice, retaining moisture without cracking or separating. This sentence describes the texture and water-retaining properties of "Wuchu" soil in an ancient classification system. Its seeds are ren xian (a type of grain or plant), with leaves that resemble guan leaves, growing long and soft like fox fur. Their stems are yellow or black, sprouting in dark hues; their millet is large—none is unsuitable. This sentence describes the agricultural characteristics and appearance of crops grown in "Wuchu" soil. For cultivating fruit trees, this type of land is not as productive as three other types by two-tenths. In total, the upper thirty kinds of soil produce twelve kinds of crops. This sentence summarizes a comparative assessment within an ancient agricultural classification system. The middle soil is called "Wuqing." The appearance of Wuqing soil resembles tian (a type of earth), moist and suitable for habitation. Its seeds are either large ji or fine ji, with red stems and yellow shoots, enduring both droughts and floods. This sentence describes the properties and agricultural suitability of "Wuqing" soil in a traditional Chinese land classification system. Fine millet resembles hemp; for cultivating fruit trees, it falls short of three other types of soil by three-tenths. This sentence continues a comparative analysis of different soil types and their agricultural productivity.
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怷土之次曰五躖，五躖之狀，彊力剛堅，其種大邯鄲，細邯鄲。莖葉如枎櫄，其粟大。蓄殖果木，不若三土以十分之三。 |
| | The next level below Qingtu is called "Wuchuan." The appearance of Wuchuan soil is strong, firm, and hard. Its seeds are either large Handan or fine Handan. This sentence describes the physical characteristics and agricultural features of "Wuchuan" soil in an ancient Chinese classification system. Its stems and leaves resemble fei zhen, and its millet is large. This sentence continues describing the appearance and yield of crops in "Wuchuan" soil. For cultivating fruit trees, it lags behind three other types of soil by a margin of three-tenths. This sentence continues the comparative assessment of different land qualities in an agricultural classification system.
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躖土之次曰五壏，五壏之狀，芬焉若糠以肥，其種大荔細荔，青莖黃秀，蓄殖果木，不若三土以十分之三。 |
| | The next level below Chuantu is called "Wutian." The appearance of Wutian soil is fragrant and resembles bran, being fertile. Its seeds are either large li or fine li, with green stems and yellow sprouts. For cultivating fruit trees, it lags three-tenths behind three other types of soils. This sentence continues the classification system by describing "Wutian" soil's characteristics and its relative productivity for growing crops.
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壏土之次曰五剽，五剽之狀，華然如芬以脤，其種大秬細秬。黑莖青秀，蓄殖果木，不若三土以十分之四。 |
| | The next level below Tiantu is called "Wupiao." The appearance of Wupiao soil is bright and fragrant, resembling fat. Its seeds are either large ju or fine ju. This sentence continues an ancient classification system for soils, describing the characteristics and agricultural properties of "Wupiao" soil. Its stems are black and its sprouts green; for cultivating fruit trees, its productivity is four-tenths less than three other types of soil. This sentence continues the comparative analysis within an agricultural land classification system.
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剽土之次曰五沙。五沙之狀，粟焉如屑塵厲，其種大萯細萯，白莖青秀以蔓，蓄殖果木，不如三土以十分之四。 |
| | The next level below Piaotu is called "Wusha." This sentence introduces another category in a traditional Chinese soil classification system, continuing the hierarchical description of different types of land. The appearance of Wusha soil is like millet, resembling fine dust and grit. Its seeds are either large feng or fine feng, with white stems and green sprouts that spread outward. For cultivating fruit trees, its fertility lags four-tenths behind three superior types of soil. This sentence continues the systematic description of land qualities within an ancient Chinese agricultural classification framework.
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沙土之次曰五塥，五塥之狀，累然如僕累，不忍水旱，其種大樛杞，細樛杞黑莖黑秀，蓄殖果木，不若三土以十分之四。凡中土三十物，種十二物，下土曰五猶，五猶之狀如糞，其種大華細華，白莖黑秀，蓄殖果木，不如三土以十分之五。 |
| | The next level below Shatu is called "Wuge." The appearance of Wuge soil resembles a pile or accumulation, and it cannot endure droughts or floods. Its seeds are either large jiu qi or fine jiu qi, with black stems and dark sprouts. For cultivating fruit trees its productivity lags four-tenths behind that of three superior types of soils. This sentence continues the hierarchical classification system for soil types in ancient Chinese agriculture. In total, the middle soils produce thirty kinds of things and cultivate twelve types. The lower soil is called "Wuyou." Its appearance resembles manure; its seeds are either large hua or fine hua, with white stems and black sprouts. For cultivating fruit trees it lags five-tenths behind three better types of soil. This sentence concludes a section on the classification of soils by summarizing their relative productivity in an ancient agricultural system.
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猶土之次曰五𢎳，五𢎳之狀如鼠肝，其種青梁，黑莖黑秀，蓄殖果木，不如三土以十分之五。 |
| | The next level below You Tu is called "Wu Xian." The appearance of Wu Xian soil resembles a mouse's liver. Its seeds are green millet, with black stems and black sprouts; for cultivating fruit trees it lags behind three superior types by five-tenths. This sentence continues the ancient classification system describing lower-quality soils in terms of their physical characteristics and agricultural productivity.
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𢎳土之次曰五殖，五殖之狀，甚澤以疏、離坼以轢塉，其種鴈膳，黑實朱跗黃實，蓄殖果木，不如三土以十分之六。 |
| | The next level below Xian Tu is called "Wu Zhi." The appearance of Wu Zhi soil is very moist yet loose, easily cracking and crumbling. Its seeds are yanshan (a type of crop), with black fruits, red calyxes, and yellow flesh. For cultivating fruit trees, this soil lags behind three better types by six-tenths. This sentence continues the traditional Chinese classification system for soils based on physical properties and agricultural suitability.
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五殖之次曰五觳，五觳之狀婁婁然，不忍水旱，其種大菽細菽，多白實，蓄殖果木，不如三土以十分之六。 |
| | The next level below Wu Zhi is called "Wu Hu." The appearance of Wu Hu soil is lulu-like (loose and fragmented), unable to endure droughts or floods. Its crops are either large beans or fine beans, producing many white fruits; for cultivating fruit trees its productivity falls six-tenths short of three superior types. This sentence continues the structured description of lower-quality soils within an ancient Chinese agricultural system.
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觳土之次曰五鳧，五鳧之狀，堅而不骼，其種陵稻、黑鵝、馬夫。蓄殖果木，不如三土以十分之七。 |
| | The next level below Hu Tu is called "Wu Fu." The appearance of Wu Fu soil is firm but not brittle. Its crops include ling dao (a type of rice), heige, and mafu. This sentence continues the classification of lower-grade soils in an ancient Chinese agricultural framework, describing their physical properties and suitable crops. For cultivating fruit trees, its productivity lags seven-tenths behind three superior soil types. This sentence concludes the comparative assessment of this particular type of land within an ancient classification system.
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鳧土之次曰五桀，五桀之狀，甚鹹以苦，其物為下，其種白稻長狹，蓄殖果木，不如三土以十分之七，凡下土三十物，其種十二物，凡土物九十，其種三十六。 |
| | The next level below Fu Tu is called "Wu Jie." The appearance of Wu Jie soil is extremely salty and bitter; its quality ranks lowest. Its crops are white rice with long, narrow grains. For cultivating fruit trees, it produces seven-tenths less than three superior types. In total, the lower soils produce thirty kinds of things, with twelve suitable for cultivation. All together, there are ninety soil-related products, with thirty-six suitable for planting. This sentence concludes a detailed classification system of Chinese soils by summarizing the lowest quality land and its agricultural potential within an ancient framework.
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