📌 Kubernetes Interview Questions – Google & Top MNCs (Beginner to Advanced)
This document is a deep, production-grade Kubernetes interview preparation guide, covering fundamentals, architecture, workloads, networking, security, scaling, troubleshooting, and real-world system design scenarios asked at top companies like Google, Amazon, and Microsoft.
What this document covers
Kubernetes fundamentals: what Kubernetes is, why it’s popular, key features and use cases
Cluster architecture: control plane components (API Server, etcd, Scheduler, Controller Manager) and worker node components (kubelet, kube-proxy, container runtime)
Core objects: Pods, Nodes, Namespaces, Labels & Selectors with real examples
Workload management:
Deployments, ReplicaSets, StatefulSets, DaemonSets
Rolling updates, rollbacks, scaling strategies
Services & networking:
ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer, ExternalName
Ingress vs Service (Layer 4 vs Layer 7)
Network Policies for pod-level isolation
Storage & persistence:
Persistent Volumes (PV) and Persistent Volume Claims (PVC)
StorageClasses and dynamic provisioning
Configuration management:
ConfigMaps vs Secrets
Best practices for sensitive data handling
Scaling & resource management:
Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA)
Resource requests & limits
QoS classes (Guaranteed, Burstable, BestEffort)
Troubleshooting & debugging:
Debugging CrashLoopBackOff, ImagePullBackOff, Pending pods
Logs, exec, events, probes
Liveness, Readiness, and Startup probes
Security & RBAC:
Roles, ClusterRoles, RoleBindings, Service Accounts
Pod Security Policies / Pod Security Admission
Advanced topics:
Service Mesh (Istio, Linkerd)
Operators & CRDs
etcd internals, backup & restore
Real-world scenarios:
Migrating monoliths to Kubernetes
Designing production-grade SaaS clusters
Handling high traffic & scaling issues
Disaster recovery (RTO/RPO, backups, multi-region setup)
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And today also challenging with Sweden central problems foundry/openai. Automatic region failover deploy :)