Torá language
| Torá | |
|---|---|
| Toraz | |
| Native to | Brazil |
| Region | Dos Marmelos River |
| Ethnicity | 330 Torá (2014)[1] |
| Extinct | early 2000s[2] "few" semispeakers (2018)[2] |
Chapacuran
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | trz |
| Glottolog | tora1263 |
| ELP | Torá |
 Torá is classified as Extinct by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. | |
Torá (Toraz) is an extinct Chapacuran language that was once spoken along the lower stretches of the Marmelos River in Brazil. Only a few people were reported to remember a few words in the language, although the Torá people have interest in the revival of their language.[1]
History
[edit]The last fluent speaker is believed to died in the 2000s. In 2006, there were two fluent speakers left, but it only has semi-speakers as of 2018, "at least few".[2] In 2018, only a few words of the language had been preserved.[3]
Documentation
[edit]It is known only from a wordlist recorded by Curt Nimuendajú in 1921[4] and 1922[5] and published in 1922 and 1925.[4][6]
Revival
[edit]The Torá have expressed interest in reviving their language.[5] According to Stan Anonby (2018), "[t]here was some talk of revitalizing the language, but no one seemed to have enough memory of Torá to get anywhere with the idea".[3]: 13
Syntax
[edit]Word order
[edit]Like its relatives in the Chapacuran family, Torá exhibits verb–object–subject word order.[5]
References
[edit]- 1 2 Peggion, Edmundo Antonio (2018-03-26). "Torá - Indigenous Peoples in Brazil". pib.socioambiental.org. Retrieved 2025-07-19.
- 1 2 3 Torá at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- 1 2 Anonby, Stan (2019-02-01). A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Ethnolinguistic Groups Around the Intersection of the Marmelos River and the Trans-Amazon Highway. SIL Global. Archived from the original on 2024-09-14. Retrieved 2026-07-11.
- 1 2 Nimuendajú, Curt; do Valle Bentes, E. H. (1922). "Documents sur quelques langues peu connues de l'Amazone". Journal de la société des américanistes. 14 (1): 215–222. doi:10.3406/jsa.1922.3999.
- 1 2 3 Synclair, Akasha (2026-05-16). "Torá: A Description of a Dormant Chapacuran Language from Legacy Materials". Linguistics ETDs.
- ↑ Curt Nimuendajú. "As tribus do Alto Madeira" [The tribes of the Upper Madeira] (PDF) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-06-15.
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